Reduced spending for oil and gas exploration is limiting availability of quality deepwater assets for merger and acquisition (M&A) deals, according to a new report by IHS Markit. This lack of deepwater asset inventory is challenging exploration and production (E&P) operators who seek to acquire assets to secure development funds or de-risk their portfolios.
“Low oil prices have significantly reduced operator spending on exploration—particularly in the deepwater, which is very costly,” said Cindy Giglio, CFA, senior principal energy M&A analyst at IHS Markit and author of the IHS Markit M&A Topical Insight—Potential for change in offshore dynamics. “This means fewer deepwater discoveries are made, and even fewer world-class assets become available for sale or acquisition. As a result, those quality deepwater assets that do become available are commanding premium prices.”
According to IHS Markit, the majority of recoverable upstream oil and gas resources discovered offshore since the beginning of 2006 have been found in four key areas: Africa and the Middle East, Brazil, Europe and the United States. Although offshore discoveries have accounted for 69% of oil and gas volumes discovered during the 2006 to 2017 (year-to-date) period, the offshore has only represented 16% or approximately $300 billion, of global upstream M&A transaction value, IHS Markit said in a 24 October statement.
During this period, offshore upstream deal value was split roughly 50:50 between deepwater and shallow-water activity, though there were three times as many shallow-water deals, IHS Markit said. However, shallow-water deal activity has been in steady decline during the past five years.
The average size of deepwater deals has been more than twice that of shallow-water deals—almost $775 million for deepwater deals compared with approximately $325 million for each shallow-water deal—since the beginning of 2006. Although the deepwater has accounted for fewer deals in the total global deal count, deepwater deal flow has represented a more consistent percentage of annual global upstream deal count.
“Deepwater M&A has typically involved undeveloped assets driven by significant deepwater oil and gas discoveries, with deal activity centered on owners selling down asset stakes to lock in returns and to share or de-risk development costs,“ Giglio said. “Shallow-water M&A has typically involved producing assets, and often buyers of shallow-water assets are seeking to de-risk their upstream asset portfolios and generate lower-risk cash flow.”
During the last decade, independent public E&P companies have been the most active buyers and sellers of oil and gas offshore assets. The majority of their offshore activity has been in the shallow-water and, overall, they have been net-sellers. National oil companies (NOCs), whether wholly government-owned or partially government–owned (partial NOCs, such as Petrobras, Rosneft and Statoil) have been net-buyers of offshore assets, especially deepwater, IHS Markit said.
“The major integrated companies (BP, Chevron, Eni, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Repsol and Total) have been less active in the offshore M&A market in terms of transaction value than NOCs/partial NOCs,” Giglio said. “On a net basis, these IOCs have been divesting both deepwater and shallow-water assets. Smaller integrated companies have been divesting deepwater assets and buying shallow-water assets.
Shallow-water M&A faces a dwindling number of pure-play companies, as well as competition from onshore unconventionals. The shallow-water regions have seen a decline in deals during the past five years, but interest from new buyer types is triggering a rebound in activity in certain regions.”
In recent years, Europe, primarily the North Sea, has had a re-emergence of offshore upstream M&A activity, driven by a change in buyers. Traditional buyer types have more recently been net-sellers, with new buyer types emerging to purchase offshore assets. Most of the European M&A activity has been in shallow water. Approximately, $5.7 billion, or 40% of current global shallow-water oil and gas assets are located for sale in Europe.
In recent weeks, a number of deepwater assets in Europe have been listed for sale. Today (24 October), Aker BP announced it would buy Hess Corp. subsidiary Hess Norge for $2 billion, which includes stakes in the Valhall and Hod fields. IHS Markit estimates current deepwater opportunities in Europe at $3.6 billion, or 20% of the global deepwater assets on the market.
Massive recent discoveries in offshore Africa and the Middle East make this region most likely to attract offshore M&A activity in the next few years. Africa accounts for 26%, or $4.7 billion, of global deepwater assets on the market, IHS Markit said.On Monday, Hess announced it was selling its stake in the Cieba and Okume fields offshore Equatorial Guinea to Kosmos Energy for $650 million.
“Offshore M&A activity in the U.S. has virtually stalled,” Giglio said. “In the Gulf of Mexico, this reflects the stronger interest in onshore unconventionals; more stringent regulations in the post-Macondo era; and low oil and gas prices that have reduced the number of potential M&A participants.”
In Alaska, weak commodity prices and fiscal-tax uncertainty have slowed development of new oil and gas projects, and hence, upstream M&A, IHS Markit said. Nevertheless, the deepwater Gulf of Mexico accounts for $3.2 billion, or 17% of the global deepwater assets on the market.
The potential for offshore Brazil M&A activity depends on the financial condition of both the Brazilian government and Petrobras. Offshore M&A remains a viable option for both to raise much-needed funds. Petrobras has put roughly $2 billion of Brazilian shallow-water assets up for sale. This brings the total Brazilian shallow-water opportunities on the market to $5.4 billion, or 40% of the global shallow-water assets on the market, IHS Markit said.
In July, the company announced it was looking to sell its 70% interest in the Maromba shallow water, heavy oil field in the Campos Basin.
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